A doughnut of callus will have differentiated to become woundwood about the cut the next growing season if done correctly [1 to 2] (See Diagram A). When too close and cut’s remove the collar [3 to 4] the tree will only form callus to the sides (flush cut). When cuts have been made too close below you will have [1 to 4]. When cuts are too close above, you will have [3 to 2](broken rings of callus). A treatment that is harmful to trees but can be good for wildlife is to make cuts from 1 to 4. A cavity will form fast. (If cavities are wanted for birds or small animals.) Remember not to leave stubs. If callus does not form, then woundwood will not develop.