ADL -- Assertion Definition Language
See also
ADL article from Sun Labs
Agda Agda is a dependently typed functional programming language. It has inductive families, i.e., data types which depend on values, such as the type of vectors of a given length. It also has parametrised modules, mixfix operators, Unicode characters, and an interactive Emacs interface which can assist the programmer in writing the program. Agda is a proof assistant. It is an interactive system for writing and checking proofs. Agda is based on intuitionistic type theory, a foundational system for constructive mathematics developed by the Swedish logician Per Martin-Löf. It has many similarities with other proof assistants based on dependent types, such as Coq, Epigram, Matita and NuPRL.
By William R. Cook, University of Texas. A recollection by one of the original members of the AppleScript development
team. Also an excellent introduction to the principles underlying AppleScript. Assembly (Intel 386/486)
Gawk (GNU AWK)
Bondi A programming language centred on pattern-matching . It supports functional, imperative, query-based and object-oriented programming styles using a single small evaluator.
Caml A general-purpose programming language, designed with program safety and reliability in mind. It is very expressive, yet easy to learn and use. Caml supports functional, imperative, and object-oriented programming styles. Developed and distributed by INRIA, France's national research institute for computer science. See also:
Chuck An audio programming language for real-time synthesis, composition, performance, and analysis. Supported on MacOS X, Windows, and Linux.
Clarity Clarity is a schematic functional programming environment that allows you to design and implement programs by drawing them.
Clean A general purpose, pure, lazy functional programming language.
CSP
cSound A sound design, music synthesis and signal processing system.
D Programming Language The D language is statically typed and compiles directly to machine code. It's multiparadigm, supporting many programming styles: imperative, object oriented, and metaprogramming. It's a member of the C syntax family, and its appearance is very similar to that of C++. See also D at the Open Directory.
Dart Google's answer to JavaScript. Google hopes that Dart will replace JavaScript for web development. Dart is a class-based programming language for creating structured web applications. Developed with the goals of simplicity, efficiency, and scalability, it combines powerful new language features with familiar language constructs into a clear, readable syntax. See also The Future of JavaScript, an internal Google memo.
Django A high-level Python Web framework that encourages rapid development and clean, pragmatic design. Developed by an online-news operation, Django was designed to handle two challenges: the intensive deadlines of a newsroom and the stringent requirements of experienced Web developers. It lets you build high-performing, elegant Web applications quickly.
Dylan Dylan [--DYnamic LAnguage--] is an advanced, object-oriented, dynamic language which supports rapid program development. When needed, programs can be optimized for more efficient execution by supplying more type information to the compiler. Nearly all entities in Dylan (including functions, classes, and basic data types such as integers) are first class objects. Additionally Dylan supports multiple inheritance, polymorphism, multiple dispatch, keyword arguments, object introspection, macros, and many other advanced features... --Peter Hinely
E A secure distributed pure-object platform peer-to-peer scripting language for writing Capability-based Smart Contracts. E has two implementations: one based on Java and one based on Common Lisp.
Erlang Erlang is a programming language which has many features more commonly associated with an operating system than with a programming language: concurrent processes, scheduling, memory management, distribution, networking, etc.
Flapjax Open source and built entirely atop JavaScript, Flapjax is designed around the demands of client-based Web applications. Principal features:
Forth
Fortran
Impressive site; excellent links and tutorial.
Mirror site
By A.C.Marshall, The University of Liverpool. Excellent presentation of new features of the language.
By Vladimir V. Vasilchenko F
Go Concise, fast, statically typed, compiled. Feels like a dynamically typed, interpreted language.
Guile An interpreter for Scheme, with support for many SRFIs, packaged as a library which can be incorporated into your programs. Your users have full access to the interpreter, so Guile itself can be extended. The result is a scripting language tailored to your application.
HTML, XHTML, and Cascading Style Sheets
J J is a modern, high-level, general-purpose, high-performance programming language. J is portable and runs on Windows, Unix, Mac, and PocketPC handhelds, both as a GUI and in a console. True 64-bit J systems are available for XP64 or Linux64, on AMD64 or Intel EM64T platforms. J systems can be installed and distributed for free. J is particularly strong in the mathematical, statistical, and logical analysis of data. It is a powerful tool in building new and better solutions to old problems and even better at finding solutions where the problem is not already well understood. Developed in the early 1990s by Ken Iverson and Roger Hui, J is a synthesis of APL (also by Iverson) and the FP and FL function-level languages created by John Backus. See also the Wikipedia article.
JSON Based on a subset of JavaScript. JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is completely language independent text format, easy for humans to read and write and easy for machines to parse and generate. It uses conventions that are familiar to programmers of the C-family of languages, Intended to be the ideal lightweight data interchange language.
K (programming language)
A Shallow Introduction to the K
Programming Language K is mixture of APL, a functional programming language, and many unique
features not found elsewhere.
Limbo
A language syntactically similar to C. Limbo has several features that make it simpler, safer and yet more
powerful and better suited to the development of concurrent, distributed systems. The Limbo compiler generates
architecture independent object code which is then interpreted by the
Inferno Virtual Machine or compiled
just before runtime to improve performance.
A Descent into Limbo, an article by Brian W. Kernighan.
Links Links is a new programming language designed to make web programming easier. Links helps to build modern Ajax-style applications with significant client- and server-side components. A typical web program involves many tiers: part of the program runs in the web browser, part on a web server, and part in specialized systems such as a relational database. Links provides a single language for all three tiers; it translates the code into suitable languages for each tier: for instance, Javascript for the browser, Java for the server, and SQL for the database. Links incorporates ideas proven in other programming languages: database-query support from Kleisli, web-interaction proposals from PLT Scheme, and distributed-computing support from Erlang. On top of this, it adds some new web-centric features of its own. Links is at an early stage of development, but you can download a pre-release version to see how it works.
Computer Science Logo Style by Brian Harvey, University of California, Berkeley. All three volumes available online.
Lua A powerful, fast, lightweight, embeddable scripting language. Lua combines simple procedural syntax with powerful data description constructs based on associative arrays and extensible semantics. Lua is dynamically typed, runs by interpreting bytecode for a register-based virtual machine, and has automatic memory management with incremental garbage collection.
Miranda A pure, non-strict, polymorphic, higher order functional programming language.
ML
Modula-3 A modern programming language that supports interfaces, objects, generics, lightweight threads of control, the isolation of unsafe code, garbage collection, exceptions, and subtyping. It was explicitly designed to be substantially simpler than other languages with comparable power, in order to facilitate the construction of large, robust applications.
NuSMV A new symbolic model checker based on SMV
Oberon Oberon is the name of a programming language in the Pascal/Modula tradition. Originally 'Oberon' was also the name of the runtime systems. For practical reasons the systems nomenclature was changed; the new system is now called A2. ETH Oberon can be installed on various platforms, either as a native operating system or on top of the operating system of the hosting machine.
PARI/GP A computer algebra system designed for fast computations in number theory.
π: A Pattern Language There is only one language construct in Π: the pattern. Patterns are EBNF-expressions with an associated meaning.
Pascal
Perl
PHP
Pico Pico is a tiny but expressive programming language that was especially designed to teach advance computer science concepts to students in other sciences than computer science. Pico features garbage collected arrays, higher order functions, objects, meta programming and reflection. But above all, Pico is small -- really small.
Prolog
Python
RTL Register Transfer Language. Internal intermediate language used by the GCC compiler.
Sather An object-oriented language designed to be simple, efficient, safe, flexible and non-proprietary. It aims to be as efficient as C, C++, or Fortran, as elegant as and safer than Eiffel, and support higher-order functions and iteration abstraction as well as Common Lisp, CLU or Scheme. From the International Computer Science Institute (ICSI), the University of California at Berkeley. Available through the GPL/LGPL licence. Sather is a collaboration between ICSI and people all over the world.
Scala Scala is a general purpose programming language designed to express common programming patterns in a concise, elegant, and type-safe way. It smoothly integrates features of object-oriented and functional languages, enabling Java and other programmers to be more productive. Scala makes full use of the Java libraries and runs on the JVM. See also:
Scratch A programming language that makes it easy to create your own interactive stories, animations, games, music, and art -- and share your creations on the web. Scratch is designed to help young people, ages 8 and up, develop 21st century learning skills. As they create Scratch projects, young people learn important mathematical and computational ideas, while also gaining a deeper understanding of the process of design. The language is free of charge.
Self A prototype-based dynamic object-oriented programming language, environment, and virtual machine centered around the principles of simplicity, uniformity, concreteness, and liveness. Self includes a programming language, a collection of objects defined in the Self language, and a programming environment built in Self for writing Self programs. The Self virtual machine is available for Mac OS X and for Linux.
A Tutorial Introduction to Sisal A High Performance, Portable,Parallel Programming Language. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California.
HeidiSQL An easy-to-use interface for web-developers using MySQL. It allows you to manage and browse databases and tables from an intuitive Windows interface. Cost: Free.
StaDyn Combines the benefits of dynamic and static languages in a single programming language. StaDyn permits straightforward development of adaptable software and rapid prototyping, without sacrificing application robustness, performance and legibility of source code. Requires the Microsoft .NET environment.
Stratego/XT Stratego/XT is a language and toolset for program transformation. The Stratego language provides rewrite rules for expressing basic transformations, programmable rewriting strategies for controlling the application of rules, concrete syntax for expressing the patterns of rules in the syntax of the object language, and dynamic rewrite rules for expressing context-sensitive transformations, thus supporting the development of transformation components at a high level of abstraction. The XT toolset offers a collection of extensible, reusable transformation tools, such as powerful parser and pretty-printer generators and grammar engineering tools. Stratego/XT supports the development of program transformation infrastructure, domain-specific languages, compilers, program generators, and a wide range of meta-programming tasks. The StrategoCompiler is bootstrapped, i.e., implemented in Stratego itself. Stratego/XT is distributed under the GNU Lesser General Public License.
SuperCollider A real time audio synthesis programming language. Free Runs on Mac OS and Linux.
Tcl/Tk
Texinfo The GNU Documentation System
TXL
A unique programming language specifically designed to support computer software analysis and source
transformation tasks. The TXL programming language is unique in that it is has a pure functional
superstructure that provides scoping, abstraction, parameterization and recursion, over Prolog-like
structural rewriting rules providing pattern search, unification and implicit iteration.
Automatically Transforming GNU C Source Code
YAML A human friendly data serialization standard for all programming languages. Libraries available for several languages. See also YAML Cookbook for Ruby, which focuses on the Ruby implementation of Yaml by comparing Yaml documents with their Ruby counterparts.
YAML "Yet Another Multicolumn Layout" (YAML) is an (X)HTML/CSS framework for creating modern and flexible floated layouts. The structure is extremely versatile in its programming and absolutely accessible for end users.
The Z Notation: a Reference Manual The Z (pronounced Zed) language is a formal specification language that makes it easier to write mathematical description of complex dynamic systems such as software. The descriptions are usually smaller and simpler than any programming language can provide. They should contain a mixture of formal and informal parts.
The Formal Specification Language Z